To What Extent Can Tissue Engineering and 3D Bioprinting Be Used to Create Functional and Vascularized Human Organs?

Damla Naz Haymanalı

doi:10.62802/87vgra44

Authors

Damla Naz Haymanalı Dubai Collage Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-5264

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62802/87vgra44

Keywords:

Organ Transplantation , Tissue Engineering, 3D Organ Bioprinting , Organ Donor Shortage , Immunosuppression , Rejection Risks , Transplant Waiting Lists , Patient Mortality Rates

Abstract

Organ transplantation, a cornerstone of modern medicine for more than 60 years, faces significant challenges due to limited organ donor availability, organ rejection, and immunosuppression risks. The increasing prevalence of diseases and longer life expectancy have intensified the demand for transplantation, leading to longer waiting lists and increased mortality rates. To address these issues, recent advances in tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting offer promising alternatives. While tissue engineering builds functional tissues from biomaterials and stem cells, 3D bioprinting organises cells layer by layer to create living organs. 3D bioprinting techniques are categorised as extrusion-based, inkjet, and laser-assisted methods. Extrusion-based bioprinting, the most common, uses pneumatic or mechanical systems to dispense bio-ink but struggles with high-viscosity bio-inks and cell viability. Inkjet bioprinting, which deposits bio-inks in droplets, achieves high cell viability but faces droplet consistency and heat sensitivity challenges. Laser-assisted bioprinting eliminates nozzle-related issues and provides high resolution but can damage bio-ink components due to shear forces. Despite these limitations, 3D bioprinting has significant potential to advance organ transplantation by developing functional human organs, thus addressing the critical organ shortage.

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