Unlocking the Future of Biotechnology: The Transformative Potential of CRISPR and Emerging Gene-Editing Technologies

Abstract

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and gene editing technologies are revolutionising biotechnology with great potential in the fields of healthcare, agriculture and synthetic biology. CRISPR's sensitivity and adaptability allow targeted modifications of DNA, offering the potential to treat genetic disorders such as sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. In agriculture, it promises to increase crop resilience and reduce dependence on pesticides. Next-generation CRISPR technologies, such as base and master editing, provide even greater specificity by minimising off-target effects and allowing more precise gene modifications. These advances could potentially eliminate inherited diseases by enabling the repair of single nucleotide mutations. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning is also expected to enhance personalised medicine by optimising gene editing strategies. Despite these breakthroughs, ethical and regulatory concerns arise, particularly with regard to germline editing and its impact on human genetic development. There are also concerns about ecological risks from genetically modified organisms. A strong ethical framework will be necessary to balance innovation with safety and equity. As CRISPR technology continues to evolve, multidisciplinary collaboration will be critical in addressing these challenges while maximising its benefits.