Nano–Bio Interface Engineering for Targeted Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease present significant therapeutic challenges due to the complexity of neuronal networks, the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and the need for spatiotemporally precise drug delivery. Nano–bio interface engineering has emerged as a transformative strategy for designing targeted delivery platforms capable of navigating the unique biochemical and biophysical environment of the central nervous system (CNS). This paper reviews innovative nanomaterial platforms—including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers, inorganic nanosystems, and bioengineered hybrid constructs—designed to modulate cell–nanoparticle interactions, enhance BBB translocation, and achieve controlled release at neuronal targets. Emphasis is placed on surface functionalization, ligand-receptor binding specificity, stimulus-responsive architectures, and nano–bio mechanical interactions that determine biocompatibility, circulation time, and targeting precision. The analysis highlights how molecular-scale interface engineering enables therapeutic agents to reach pathological sites with improved efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Collectively, emerging nano-enabled strategies offer promising avenues for next-generation treatments aimed at slowing or reversing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.